Unit1名词
一.名词的定义
表示人或物,地点,行为,感情以及抽象概念的词。它既可以是具体的,也可以是抽象的。
二.名词的分类
名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1. 专有名词
表示具体的特定的人,地名,月份,星期,节日,报刊杂志等的名称。
特征:(1)书写时第一个字母通常要大写。(2)一般情况不需要冠词(a/an/the)修饰,个别需要定冠词the 修饰。
人名
Mr Zhang 张先生 Liu Dehua 刘德华
地名
Italy 意大利 Beijing 北京 the Summer Palace 颐和园
其他
July 七月 Saturday 星期六 New Year’s Day 元旦 Christmas Day圣诞节 Children’s Day 儿童节 English Weekly 英语周报 Olympic Games 奥运会
2. 普通名词
表示一类人,事物或者抽象概念的名词。
特征:前面可以加上不定冠词a/an或者定冠词the,也可以不加冠词。
普通名词可分为四类:
个体名词 表示某类人或事物中的个体 bird bear student tree |
物质名词 表示无法分为个体的实物 air milk ice water tea bread |
集体名词 表示若干个个体组成的集体 team family group class people army police |
抽象名词 表示动作,状态,品质,情感,心理等抽象概念 health danger death work love cold |
三.名词的数
名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1. 可数名词
(1)定义和特征
可数名词表示可以计算数目的人或事物。
特征:(1)有单数和复数两种形式。(2)单数名词和冠词a/an连用,表示数量为一。(3)复数名词表示数量大于一。可以用数词来修饰复数名词,来表示名词具体的数量。如果要表示可数名词的不确切的数量,可以用some,many,a lot of等修饰。
(2)名词复数构成的规则变化
情况 |
构成方法 |
读音 |
例词 |
一般情况 |
直接加-s |
清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音后读/z/ |
map-maps(地图)flag-flags(旗帜) book-books(书)car-cars(小汽车) |
以-x, -s , -sh, -ch, 结尾的单词 |
直接加-es |
/iz/ |
box-boxes (盒子) bus-buses (公交车) glass-glasses(玻璃杯) class-classes(班级) boss-bosses(老板) watch-watches(手表) brush-brushes(刷子) 喜(x)事(s)吃(ch)食(sh)有意思(+es) |
以o结尾的单词 |
多数加-es |
/z/ |
Negro-Negroes(黑人) hero-heroes(英雄) tomato-tomatoes(番茄) potato-potatoes(土豆) 黑人英雄爱吃番茄土豆 |
一些外来词 /以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词 加-s |
/z/ |
photo-photos(照片) piano-pianos(钢琴) kilo-kilos (公斤) tobacco-tobaccos(烟草) radio-radios(收音机) bamboo-bamboos(竹子) zoo-zoos(动物园) |
|
以y结尾的单词 |
以辅音字母+y结尾的单词
变y 为i, 再加-es |
/iz/ |
baby-babies(婴儿) family-families(家庭) factory-factories(工厂) story-stories(故事) lady-ladies(女士) fly-flies(苍蝇) country-countries(国家) city-cities(城市) difficulty-difficulties(困难) |
以y结尾的 专有名词
直接加-s |
/z/ |
Henrys Germanys Marys |
|
以f/fe结尾的单词 |
大多数 变f/fe为ves |
/vz/ |
wife-wives(妻子) knife-knives(小刀) wolf-wolves(狼) thief-thieves(小偷) shelf-shelves(书架) self-selves(自己) life-lives(生命) half-halves(一半) leaf-leaves(树叶) (妻子拿刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌, 躲在架后保已命,半片树叶遮目光。 |
少数变复数 直加-s |
/s/ |
roof-roofs(屋顶) chief-chiefs(首领) belief-beliefs(观念) proof-proofs(证据) |
(3)名词复数构成的不规则变化
A. 男人女人,a变e.
man-men(男人), woman-women(女人), policeman-policemen(男警察),
policewoman-policewomen(女警察) ,milkman-milkmen(牛奶的人)
B. 鹅脚牙,oo变ee.
goose-geese(鹅) foot-feet(脚) tooth-teeth(牙)
C. 鼠孩儿牛便士
mouse-mice(鼠)child-children(孩儿)ox-oxen(公牛) penny-pence(便士)
D. 鱼鹿羊,单复同形.
fish(鱼) deer(鹿) sheep(绵羊)
E. 表示“国家人”的复数形式:(中日不变,英法变,其他s 跟后面)
单复数同形: Chinese(中国人), Japanese(日本人),Swiss(瑞士人)
变man为men:Frenchman-Frenchmen(法国人), Englishman-Englishmen(英 国人), Dutchman-Dutchmen(荷兰人)
直接加-s: German-Germans(德国人), American-Americans(美国人), Russian-Russians(俄国人), Roman-Romans(罗马人), Australian-Australians(澳大利亚人), Indian-Indians(印度人)
(4)复合名词的复数构成
A. 把复合名词中的主体变复数:son-in-law sons-in-law(女婿),
passer-by passers-by(过路人), looker-on lookers-on(旁观者)
B. 如没有主体名词,则在词尾加-s:grown-up grown-ups(成年人),
go-between go-betweens(中间人)
C. 分开写者,通常在第二部分加复数词尾:boy student – boy students(男学生),
girl friend – girl friends(女朋友)
若第一部分为man/woman,两部分都变复数:man teacher – men teachers(男老师), woman doctor – women doctors(女医生)
2. 不可数名词
(1)定义和特征
不可数名词表示不可以计算数目的人或事物。
特征:(1)没有复数形式,在句子中一般被视为单数。(2)不与a/an连用,可以和the连用。(3)不可数名词的确切数量可以在不可数名词前加上单位词。如果要表示不可数名词的不确切的数量,可以用some,mnuch,a lot of等修饰。
(2)不可数名词的分类
A:肉类: 牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken
鱼肉fish 肉(食品)meat 肉馅mince 牛排steak
B:液体类:water水 milk牛奶 tea 茶 juice果汁 coca-cola可口可乐
coffee 咖啡 orange 橘子汁 beer 啤酒 wine 白酒
C:自然现象类:wind 风 snow 雪 rain 雨 fog
雾 weather 天气 air 空气
D:食物类:bread 面包
rice 大米
chocolate 巧克力 jam
果酱 soup 汤
butter 黄油 cheese 奶酪 sugar 糖 food 食物 cake 蛋糕
E:其他类:soap 香皂 tobacco 烟草 news 消息 work 工作 information 信息
hair 头发 money 钱 paper 纸 sand 沙子
(3)不可数名词的用法
A. 一些物质名词或抽象名词变为复数后意义放生变化:wood-woods树林, sand-sands沙滩, time-times时代, good-goods商品, work-works著作/工厂, cloth布-clothes衣服, snow-snows积雪,water-waters 水域,green-greens蔬菜
B. 不可数名词可借助单位词表示数量:a cup of tea(一杯茶), a glass of water(一杯水), two pieces of paper/news/cheese(两张纸/两条新闻/两块奶酪), five bags of rice(五袋大米), a pair of trousers(一条裤子), a pound of sugar(一磅糖), a quarter of cake (1/4蛋糕)
C. 经常以复数形式出现的词:scissors(剪刀), glasses(眼镜), trousers(裤子), gloves(手套), shoes(鞋子), shorts(短裤), stockings(长筒袜)
四.名词的所有格
1. 可数名词
(1)定义和两种形式
名词所有格是名词中表示所有关系的形式,意为“......的”。所有格的构成有两种形式:一是由名词加’s构成,通常用来表示有生命的东西;二是of 加名词构成,通常表示没有生命的东西。
(2)'s所有格形式
|
单数 |
复数 |
单数 |
复数 |
共有 |
都有 |
店铺/家 |
特殊 |
名词 |
boy |
boys |
child |
children |
Tom and Jerry |
Tom and Jerry |
butcher doctor uncle
|
时间 距离 国家 机构 |
所有格形式 |
boy’s |
boys’ |
child’s |
children’s |
Tom and Jerry’s |
Tom’s and Jerry’s |
butcher’s doctor’s uncle’s
|
today’s China’s world’s |
特别注意的共有/所有:表示几个主语共有一样东西,所有格的构成方法是:在最后一个主语后加’s;表示几个主语各自拥有一样东西,所有格的构成方法是: 在每个主语后都加’s. Eg: Andy and Susan’s mother 安迪和苏珊的妈妈
Eg: Andy’s and Susan’s mothers 安迪的妈妈和苏珊的妈妈
特别要注意的节日:the Teachers’ Day(教师节), the Children’s Day(儿童节),
the Mother’s/ Father’s Day(母亲节/父亲节)
特别要注意的表达方式:men’s shoes(男鞋), women’s suits(女套装)
(3)of所有格形式:名词+ of + 名词
the colour of the wall(墙的颜色), the window of the room(房间的窗户), the cover of the book(书的封皮), the top of the mountain(山顶), a picture of my mother(我妈妈的一张照片), the title of the text(课文的标题)
(4)双重所有格形式
“of +’s” 结构或 “of +名词性物主代词”结构,表示许多中的一个(或一部分)
a teacher of my brother’s(我弟弟的一位老师), a friend of hers(她的一位朋友), a photo of Tom’s(Tom的一张照片), some students of Sarah’s(Sarah的一些学生)
小升初专项练习—名词
一.写出下列名词的复数形式
1. computer_______ 2. animal _______ 3.sandwich _______
4. mouth _______ 5.country _______ 6.knife _______
7 story _______ 8.sheep _______ 9 .zero _______
10. foot _______ 11.piano _______ 12.German _______
13.man doctor ________ 14.child _______ 15.Chinese _______
16.tomato _______
二.将下列短语译成英语
1.今天的报纸____________ 2.四年级(4)班 ____________
3.吉姆的一张相片 ____________ 4.中国的首都 ____________
5.三箱苹果 ____________ 6.两杯牛奶 ____________
7.她姐姐的朋友 ____________ 8.Tom 和 Jack 的房间 ____________
三.单项选择题
1._______ are going to England for a holiday.
A. The Wang B. Wang’s C. The Wang’s D. The Wangs
2. There are many ______ in this school.
A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher
3. ______ turn yellow in autumn
A. leaf B. leaves C. leave D. leafs
4. Will you please show me the way to the ______ shop?
A. shoe B. shoes’ C. shoes D. shoe’s
5. Help yourselves to some _______, dear children!
A. fishs B. fishes C. fish D. the fish
6. ______ hard work it is!
A. What a B. How C. What D. How a
7. Do you believe that there are two _______ in my class?
A. Maries B. Marys C. Mary’s D. Marys’
8. His family _______ a happy one.
A. be B. are C. is D. was
9. I met two _______ in the street yesterday morning.
A. German B. Australian C. American D. Japanese
10. My grandparents like _______ very much, so they grow some in their ______ garden every year.
A. vegetable, vegetable B. vegetable, vegetabes
C. vegetables, vegetables D. vegetables, vegetable
11. The friend of ____ lives in the town.
A. my brother B. my brothers’ C. my brother’s D. my brothers
12. My mother went to the supermarket and bought _____ for me yesterday.
A. a couple of shoes B. a pair of shoes C. a set of shoes D. two shoes
13. There are five _______ on the table.
A. tomatos B. pinaoes C. radioes D. photos
14. Tom has two _____.
A. brother in law B. brothers-in-law C. brothers in law D. brother-in-laws
15. The chair over there is ______.
A. Mary’s and Joy’s B. Mary’s and Joy C. Mary and Joy D. Mary and Joy’s
16. There are a lot of ______ down there but hardly any______
A. sheeps, people B. sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples
17. –How far is it form here?
--About _____ walk.
A. ten minute’s B. ten minutes C. ten minutes’ D. ten minutes’s
18.There is only a little _____ in the fridge. That’s not enough for breakfast.
A. cakes B. bread C. eggs D. sandwiches
19. His full name is Jim Auan Green. So his family name is ______.
A. Jim B. Auan C. Jim Auan D. Green
20. Whose ruler is it? It’s _____.
A. he’s B. She’s C. Wang Li’s D. me
21. She is from ______. She is ______.
A. Germany; a Germany B. the Germany; German C. German; a Germany D. Germany; a German
22. _______came to our school last week.
A. The William’s B. Williams C. The Williams D. The William
23. We are going to ______ to buy some rulers.
A. the stationers’s B. the stationer’s C. the stationers’ D. the stationer
24. These ______ sell well in this bookstore.
A. child’s B. book of children’s C. children’s books D. books of children
25. _______ room is very nice.
A. Tom’s and John’s B. Tom’s and John C. Tom and John’s D. Tom and John
26. ---What can I do for you?
---I’d like some _______.
A. bottle of orange B. bottle of oranges
C. bottles of orange D. bottles of oranges
27. This is James Allan Green. We can call him _______.
A. Mr Green B. Mr Allan C. Mr James D. James Green
28. Mr Black has a ________.
A. ten year old boy B. ten-years old boy C. boy of ten year old D. boy of ten
29. Many western festivals are very popular in China, but _____ is still the most important for the Chinese.
A. April Fool’s Day B. Christmas Day C. Halloween D. Spring Festival
30. In England, the last name is the ______.
A. family name B. middle name C. given name D. full name
编者的话:
亲爱的同学们:
学完了名词你的收获是什么呢?你最迷惑的是什么呢?你认为最重要的考点是什么呢?赶快写下你自己的收获与老师一起分享一下吧!记住:不懂的一定要问哦!